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ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™.. ื•ื”ืคืขื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืงื™ืฅ ืขื ื™ื•ืœื™..

ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืžื—.. ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืงื™ืฅ ืžื”ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืฉื’ื ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ 99% ืžื”ืฉื ื”) ื•ืžืกืข ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืงืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื.. ื”ืคืขื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช #ื”ื™ื•ืืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ "ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื".


ืื– ื›ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘..

ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ืื– ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืขื•ืœืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1976 ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ 105 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจ ืคืจืื ืก, ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืจืคืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ืงืจื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื•ื›ืžื• ืœื›ื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืกืจื˜.. ืื– ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ.


ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื ืคืชื—ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜, ืื– ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”-12 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 2006, ื—ื™ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื“ืขื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ. ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 (16 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง) ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืขืกืงืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื“ื“ ืจื’ื‘ ื•ืื”ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” (ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”) ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ืกืจ ืœืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื’ืœ, ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื–ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ืงืœื”. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช. ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื.


ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜, ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืžืื– ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื›ื•ื— (ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืŸ).. ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช

ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื”, ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ื ื•ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.


ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื–ืืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.. ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื ื—ืชืžื” ื”ืืžื ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.. (ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™) ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื (ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘). ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ืฉืœื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื.




ืงืฆืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ. ืื– ื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืกืง ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” mp3 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.. ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงืœื˜ื•ืช. ื•ืงื—ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจ"ื’ ืื• ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื ื•.



ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1865 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืืœื™ืกื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ืขืœืชื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ืคืœื“" (ื”ื™ื“ืขืชื, ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื).

ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.. ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ืคืชื— ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคืืจืง ื“ื™ืกื ื™.. ื™ืฉ ืœืืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืงืจ.


ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืžื— ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™) ื•ืœืฆืจืคืช (ื”-14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™).. ื•ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื–ื• ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ? ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื”?

ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื ื ืชืจืื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื”..

ื”ื™ืœื”



ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ
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